Visual connection with nature |
*** |
Lowered blood pressure and heart rate
(Brown, Barton, and Gladwell, 2013; van den Berg, Hartig & Staats, 2007; Tsunetsugu & Miyazaki, 2005) |
Improved mental engagement/attentiveness
(Biederman & Vessel, 2006) |
Positively impacted attitude and overall happiness
(Barton & Pretty, 2010) |
Non-visual connection with nature |
** |
Reduced systolic blood pressure and stress hormones
(Park, Tsunetsugu, Kasetani et al., 2009; Hartig, Evans, Jamner et al., 2003; Orsega-Smith, Mowen, Payne et al., 2004; Ulrich, Simons, Losito et al., 1991) |
Positively impacted cognitive performance
(Mehta, Zhu & Cheema, 2012; Ljungberg, Neely, & Lundström, 2004) |
Perceived improvements in mental health and tranquility
(Li, Kobayashi, Inagaki et al., 2012; Jahncke, et al., 2011; Tsunetsugu, Park & Miyazaki, 2010; Kim, Ren, & Fielding, 2007; Stigsdotter & Grahn, 2003 |
Non-rhythmic sensory stimuli |
** |
Positively impacted heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and sympathetic nervous system activity
(Li, 2009; Park et al., 2008; Kahn et al., 2008; Beauchamp et al., 2003; Ulrich et al., 1991) |
Observed and quantified behavioural measures of attention and exploration
(Windhager et al., 2011) |
|
Thermal and airflow variability |
** |
Positively impacted comfort, well-being and productivity
(Heerwagen, 2006; Tham & Willem, 2005; Wigö, 2005) |
Positively impacted concentration
(Hartig et al., 2003; Hartig et al., 1991; R. Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989) |
Improved perception of spacial and temporal pleasure (allesthesia)
(Parkinson, de Dear & Candido, 2012; Zhang, Arens, Huizenga & Han, 2010; Arens, Zhang & Huizenga, 2006; Zhang, 2003; de Dear & Brager, 2002; Heschong, 1979) |
Presence of water |
** |
Reduced stress, increased feelings of tranquility, lower heart rate and blood pressure
(Alvarsson, Wiens, & Nilsson, 2010; Pheasant, Fisher, Watts et al., 2010; Biederman & Vessel, 2006) |
Improved concentration and memory restoration
Alvarsson et al., 2010; Biderman & Vessel, 2006)
Enhanced perception and psychological awareness
(Alvarsson et al., 2010; Hunter et al., 2010) |
Observed preferences and positive emotional responses
(WIndhager, 2011; Barton & Pretty, 2010; White, Smith, Humphryes et al., 2010; Karmenov & Hamel, 2008; Biederman & Vessel, 2006; Heerwagen & Orians, 1993; Ruso & Atzwanger, 2003; Ulrich, 1983) |
Dynamic and diffuse light |
** |
Positively impacted circadian system functioning
(Figueiro, Brons, Plitnick et al., 2011; Beckett & Roden, 2009)
Increased visual comfort
(Elyezadi, 2012; Kim & Kim, 2007) |
|
|
Connection with natural systems |
|
|
|
Enhanced positive health responses; shifted perception of environment
(Kellert et al., 2008) |
Natural analogues |
Biomorphic forms and patterns |
* |
|
|
Observed view preference
(Vessel, 2012; Joye, 2007) |
Material connection with nature |
|
|
Decreased diastolic blood pressure
(Tsunetsugu, Miyazaki & Sato, 2007)
Improved creative performance
(Lichtenfield et al., 2012) |
Improved comfort
(Tsunetsugu, Miyazaki & Sato, 2007) |
Complexity and order |
** |
Positively impacted perceptual and physiological stress responses
(Salingaros, 2012; Joye, 2007; Taylor, 2006; S. Kaplan, 1988) |
|
Observed view preference
(Salingaros, 2012; Hägerhäll, Laike, Taylor et al., 2008; Hägerhäll, Purcell, & Taylor, 2004; Taylor, 2006) |
Nature of the space |
Prospect |
*** |
Reduced stress
(Grahn & Stigsdotter, 2010) |
Reduced boredom, irritation, fatigue
(Clearwater & Coss, 1991) |
Improved comfort and safety
(Herzog & Bryce, 2007; Wang & Taylor, 2006; Petherick, 2000) |
Refuge |
*** |
|
Improved concentration, attention, and perception of safety
(Grahn & Stigsdotter, 2010; Wang & Taylor 2006; Petherick, 2000; Ulrich et al., 1993) |
|
Mystery |
** |
|
|
Induced strong pleasure response
(Biederman, 2011; Salimpoor, Benovoy, Larcher et al., 2011; Ikemi, 2005; Blood & Zatorre, 2001) |
Risk/Peril |
* |
|
|
Resulted in strong dopamine or pleasure responses
(Kohno et al., 2013; Wang & Tsien, 2011; Zald et al., 2008) |